C language

C is a powerful, efficient and versatile programming language that’s been a foundation of computer science since the 1970s. Know for its speed, portability and flexibility. C is a ideal for systems programming, embedded systems and applications requiring low-level memory management.

What is C language?

Why learn C in 2025?

History of C language

Features of C

How C is different from other languages?

Structure of a C program

Frist program in C

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Tokens in C

Data types (fundamental, derived, user-defined)

C syntax rules

Variables & Data Types

Constants & Literals

Input & Output (print, scanf)

Type conversion & Type casting

Comments in C

Operators in C 

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Conditional Statements (if, else if, switch-case)

Looping Statements

Jumping statements

Flowcharts & Dry runs

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Introduction to Function 

Function declaration, definition, and calling

Parameters (Call by Value vs Call by Reference)

Recursion in C (Factorial, Fibonacci, Tower of Hanoi)

Storage Classes in C (auto, static, extern, register)

Inline Functions (Special Concept – Rarely Covered)

Introduction to Arrays (1D, 2D, Multi-Dimensional)

Array Operations (Traversal, Insertion, Deletion, Searching, Sorting)

Strings in C (Character Arrays)

String Functions (strlen, strcpy, strcat, strcmp, strrev, etc.)

Array of Strings (Special Topic – Not in Many Sites)

Basics of Pointers

Pointer Arithmetic

Pointers & Arrays

Pointers & Strings

Pointers to Functions

Dynamic Memory Allocation (malloc, calloc, realloc, free)

Dangling Pointers & Memory Leaks

Structures (Basics, Nested Structures, Array of Structures)

Structure with Functions

Pointers to Structures

Union in C (Difference with Structure)

typedef in C

Enumerations (enum keyword)

File Basics (Text vs Binary Files)

File Functions (fopen, fclose, fprintf, fscanf, fputs, fgets, fgetc, fputc)

Reading & Writing Files

File Positioning (fseek, rewind, ftell)

Random Access in Files

Error Handling in Files (perror, errno)

Preprocessors (#define, #include, macros, conditional compilation)

Command Line Arguments

Bitwise Operations & Bit Fields

Volatile & Const Qualifiers (Unique Rarely-Taught Topic)

Memory Management (Heap vs Stack, Static vs Dynamic)

Inline Assembly in C (Special SEO Gold Topic – Few Sites Cover)

Introduction to Data Structures in C

Linked List (Singly, Doubly, Circular)

Stack Implementation (Array & Linked List)

Queue & Circular Queue

Priority Queue & Deque

Trees in C (Binary Tree, Binary Search Tree, AVL – Basic Concepts)

Graph Representation in C (Adjacency Matrix/List, BFS, DFS)

Searching & Sorting Algorithms in C (Bubble, Selection, Insertion, Quick, Merge, Binary Search)

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C++ language

All The Chapters Are covered Here

What is C++?

History & evolution

Features of C++

C vs C++

Applications of C++ (system programming, gaming, AI, embedded, etc.)

First C++ program (Hello World)

Structure of a program

Tokens (keywords, identifiers, constants, literals)

Data types (fundamental, derived, user-defined)

Variables & constants

Operators (arithmetic, relational, logical, bitwise, assignment, ternary)

Input & Output (cin, cout, iomanip)

Type casting

Conditional Statements (if, else if, switch-case)

Loops (for, while, do-while)

Nested loops

Jump statements (break, continue, goto)

Function declaration, definition, and calling

Return values & parameters

Call by value vs Call by reference

Default arguments

Inline functions

Function overloading

Recursion

Lambda expressions (C++11+)

1D & 2D arrays

Multi-dimensional arrays

Array of structures

Strings in C++ (C-strings vs std::string)

String manipulation functions (strlen, strcpy, substr, etc.)

Basics of pointers

Pointer Arithmetic

Pointers & Arrays

Pointers & Strings

Pointers to Functions

Function pointers

Dynamic memory (new, delete, malloc, free)

Smart pointers (unique_ptr, shared_ptr, weak_ptr)

Now your OOP Start from here

Class & objects

Constructors & destructors

Access specifiers

Static members

this pointer

Friend functions & classes

Operator overloading

Inheritance (single, multiple, multilevel, hybrid, hierarchical)

Function overriding

Virtual functions & polymorphism

Abstract classes & interfaces

Encapsulation & data hiding

Virtual base classes

final, override (C++11)

Run-time type identification (typeid, dynamic_cast)

Multiple inheritance & diamond problem

Templates (function & class)

Template specialization

Namespaces

Opening & closing files

Reading & writing text files

Binary file handling

Random access (seekg, seekp)

Error handling

try, catch, throw

Multiple & nested catches

Custom exception classes

noexcept (C++11)

Structures vs Classes

Linked list (singly, doubly, circular)

Stacks & queues

Priority queue & deque

Trees (binary tree, BST, AVL, heap)

Graphs (DFS, BFS, adjacency list/matrix)

Hashing

Tries

Disjoint sets (Union-Find)

Introduction to STL

Containers

Vector, List, Deque, Stack, Queue, Priority Queue

Set, Multiset, Map, Multimap

Unordered containers

Iterators

Algorithms (sorting, searching, etc.)

Function objects

Pairs & tuples

auto & decltype

Range-based for loop

nullptr

Move semantics & Rvalue references

Variadic templates

constexpr

Enum class

Smart pointers

Concurrency (<thread>, <mutex>, <future>)

std::optional, std::variant, std::any

Concepts & Ranges (C++20)

Coroutines (C++20)

Modules (C++20)

Stack vs Heap memory

Dynamic memory allocation

Memory leaks & dangling pointers

Garbage collection

RAII principle

Placement new

Cache optimization

Creational: Singleton, Factory, Builder

Structural: Adapter, Decorator, Proxy

Behavioral: Observer, Strategy, Visitor

Creating threads

Thread synchronization

Mutex & locks

Condition variables

Deadlock & avoidance

Atomic operations

Thread pools

Preprocessor directives & macros

Command-line arguments

Bit manipulation

Inline assembly in C++

Namespaces & header files

Linking (static & dynamic libraries)

Compilation process (preprocessing, compiling, linking, execution)

GUI programming with C++ (Qt, wxWidgets, FLTK)

Game development (SFML, Unreal Engine, OpenGL)

Networking (sockets, Boost.Asio)

Embedded systems with C++

Database connectivity (MySQL, SQLite)

Competitive programming with C++

Coding standards & naming conventions

Code optimization techniques

Debugging techniques

Unit testing in C++

Documentation & comments

Security practices in C++

Java language

All The Chapters Are covered Here

History of Java

Features of Java (Platform independence, OOP, etc.)

Java Editions (SE, EE, ME, FX)

JVM, JRE, JDK – Differences & Roles

Bytecode & Compilation process

Installing Java & setting Environment Variables

First Java Program (“Hello World”)

Java Syntax & Structure

Identifiers, Keywords & Literals

Data Types (Primitive & Non-primitive)

Variables & Constants

Type Casting & Type Promotion

Operators in Java Arithmetic, Relational, Logical, Bitwise, Unary Assignment & Ternary Operators instanceof Operator

Command-Line Arguments

Wrapper Classes (Integer, Double, Boolean, etc.)

Autoboxing & Unboxing

Input & Output in Java (Scanner, BufferedReader, in/out)

Conditional Statements if, if-else, if-else-if ladder switch-case

Looping Statements for loop while loop do-while loop Enhanced for-each loop

Jump Statements break continue return

One-Dimensional Arrays

Multi-Dimensional Arrays

Jagged Arrays

Array Class & Methods (sort, copy, binarySearch, etc.)

Strings in Java String Class & Methods StringBuffer vs StringBuilder String immutability concept Common String Manipulations

What are Methods (Functions) in Java

Syntax & Structure of a Method

Types of Methods Predefined (Library) Methods User-defined Methods Static & Instance Methods Abstract & Final Methods

Method Declaration, Parameters & Return Type

Call by Value vs Call by Reference (conceptual)

Method Overloading (Compile-time Polymorphism)

Method Overriding (Runtime Polymorphism)

Recursive Methods

Varargs (Variable Arguments)

Constructors vs Methods

Special Keywords in Methods (this, super)

Access Modifiers with Methods

Default & Static Methods in Interfaces (Java 8)

Lambda Expressions (Functions in Java 8)

Functional Interfaces & Method References

Class & Object

Constructors (Default, Parameterized, Copy Constructor)

this Keyword

static Keyword (methods, variables, blocks)

final Keyword

Inheritance (Single, Multilevel, Hierarchical)

super Keyword

Polymorphism (Overloading vs Overriding)

Encapsulation

Abstraction (Abstract Class, Interfaces, Functional Interfaces)

Association, Aggregation & Composition

Object Cloning (Shallow vs Deep Copy)

instanceof Operator in OOP

Inner & Nested Classes

Anonymous Classes

Defining & Using Packages

Importing Packages

Access Modifiers (public, private, protected, default)

Encapsulation with Access Modifiers

Types of Errors (Compile-time, Runtime, Logical)

Exception Hierarchy

try, catch, finally

throw & throws

Checked vs Unchecked Exceptions

Multi-catch Block

Try-with-resources (AutoCloseable)

Custom Exceptions

File Handling Basics

Byte Streams (FileInputStream, FileOutputStream)

Character Streams (FileReader, FileWriter, BufferedReader, BufferedWriter)

Object Serialization & Deserialization

Scanner & Formatter Class

Java NIO (Channels, Buffers, Paths, Files)

WatchService API (File Monitoring)

Memory-Mapped Files

Collection Interface & Hierarchy

List (ArrayList, LinkedList, Vector, Stack)

Set (HashSet, LinkedHashSet, TreeSet)

Queue (PriorityQueue, Deque, LinkedList as Queue)

Map (HashMap, LinkedHashMap, TreeMap, Hashtable)

WeakHashMap

Iterator & ListIterator

Comparable & Comparator

Concurrent Collections (ConcurrentHashMap, CopyOnWriteArrayList)

Collections Utility Class (sort, shuffle, reverse, etc.)

  • Generic Classes & Interfaces
  • Generic Methods
  • Bounded Types
  • Wildcards (? extends, ? super)

Thread Life Cycle

Creating Threads (Thread Class, Runnable Interface)

Thread Methods (sleep, join, yield, isAlive)

Synchronization (Blocks, Methods, Locks)

Inter-thread Communication (wait, notify, notifyAll)

Thread Pools & Executors

Concurrency Utilities (Locks, Atomic, Semaphore, CountDownLatch)

Fork/Join Framework

CompletableFuture

Reactive Streams (Flow API – Java 9)

Networking Basics (IP, Port, Protocols)

InetAddress, URL, Datagram

Socket Programming (TCP & UDP)

HTTP Networking (HttpURLConnection, HttpClient API)

AWT (Abstract Window Toolkit) Basics

Swing Components (JFrame, JButton, JLabel, JTextField, JTable, etc.)

Event Handling (ActionListener, KeyListener, MouseListener)

Layout Managers

JavaFX Basics (Scene, Stage, Controls, Events)

JDBC Architecture

Steps to Connect with Database

Statement, PreparedStatement, CallableStatement

ResultSet & Metadata

Transactions (commit, rollback, savepoint)

Connection Pooling

Built-in Annotations (@Override, @Deprecated, @SuppressWarnings, @FunctionalInterface)

Custom Annotations

Meta-Annotations

Reflection API (Class, Method, Constructor, Field objects)

Functional Interfaces (Predicate, Consumer, Supplier, Function)

Stream API (map, filter, reduce, collect)

Method References & Constructor References

Optional Class

Date & Time API (java.time package)

Default & Static Methods in Interfaces

JShell (REPL tool)

Modules in Java (Project Jigsaw)

var Keyword (Java 10)

Local Variable Type Inference

Records (Java 14+)

Sealed Classes & Interfaces (Java 15+)

Pattern Matching for instanceof (Java 16+)

Switch Expressions (Java 12+)

Text Blocks (Java 13+)

Pattern Matching for switch (Java 17+)

Virtual Threads (Java 21)

Secure Coding Practices

Java Cryptography Architecture (JCA)

Hashing, Encryption & Decryption

Digital Signatures

Secure Socket Layer (SSL) in Java

JVM Architecture (Classloader, Memory Areas, Execution Engine)

Stack vs Heap Memory

Garbage Collection in Java

finalize() Method & Alternatives

WeakReference, SoftReference, PhantomReference

Just-In-Time (JIT) Compiler

Class Loading Process (Loading, Linking, Initialization)

Escape Analysis & Stack Allocation

IDEs (Eclipse, IntelliJ IDEA, NetBeans, VS Code)

Debugging in Java

Java Decompilers (javap, JD-GUI)

Documentation with javadoc

Build Tools (Maven, Gradle)

Unit Testing (JUnit, TestNG, Mockito)

Logging Frameworks (Log4j, SLF4J)

Version Control with Git

Deployment (JAR, WAR, Docker)

Java with REST APIs & GraphQL

Java with Docker & Kubernetes

Java in Microservices Architecture

Java with AWS, Azure, GCP

Python language

All The Chapters Are covered Here

What is Python?

Why should I learn python?

History of Python

Features of Python

Applications of Python

Python 2 vs Python 3

Installing Python & IDE Setup

First Python Program

Python Execution Flow

Syntax, Indentation & Comments

Variables and Constants

Data Types (Numbers, String, Boolean)

Type Casting

Input and Output Functions

Operators (Arithmetic, Relational, Logical, Bitwise, Assignment, Membership, Identity)

Creating Strings

String Operations (+, *, slicing)

String Functions & Methods

String Formatting (f-string, format, % operator)

Escape Sequences

Raw Strings

if, if-else, if-elif-else

Nested Conditions

Loops (for, while)

Nested Loops

Loop Control Statements (break, continue, pass)

Lists

Tuples

Sets

Dictionaries

Operations on each (CRUD)

Comprehensions (List, Dict, Set)

Defining Functions

Function Arguments (positional, keyword, default, variable-length)

Return Values

Scope of Variables (Local, Global)

Anonymous Functions (Lambda)

Recursion in Python

map(), filter(), reduce() functions

Importing Modules

Creating User-defined Modules

Standard Library Modules (math, random, datetime, etc.)

__name__ == “__main__” concept

Virtual Environments

Opening and Closing Files

Reading and Writing Files

File Modes (r, w, a, rb, wb)

Working with Text and Binary Files

File Pointer (seek(), tell())

Exception Handling in File Operations

Errors vs Exceptions

Try, Except Block

Finally Block

Raising Exceptions

User-defined Exceptions

Classes and Objects

Constructors and Destructors

Attributes and Methods

Inheritance (Single, Multiple, Multilevel, Hierarchical, Hybrid)

Method Overloading & Overriding

Encapsulation

Polymorphism

Abstract Classes (abc module)

Static and Class Methods

Iterators and Generators

Decorators

Context Managers (with statement)

Closures

Memory Management in Python

Garbage Collection

re Module

Pattern Matching

Searching, Replacing, Splitting

characters & Quantifiers

os and sys

math and statistics

datetime and calendar

json and pickle

shutil and glob

collections and itertools

DB-API Basics

Connecting Python with SQLite

Performing CRUD Operations

Using MySQL / PostgreSQL with Python

ORM Basics (SQLAlchemy, Django ORM)

Basics of Flask

Basics of Django

REST APIs in Python

Template Engines (Jinja2)

NumPy Basics

Pandas Basics

Matplotlib & Seaborn

Data Cleaning & Transformation

Introduction to Scikit-learn

Basic Machine Learning Models

Automating Files and Folders

Web Scraping with BeautifulSoup & Requests

Selenium for Browser Automation

Working with APIs (REST, JSON)

Automating Emails with smtplib

Sockets Programming

Client-Server Programs

HTTP Requests (requests module)

FTP, SMTP Basics

Multithreading in Python

Multiprocessing

AsyncIO and Coroutines

Memory Optimization

Performance Tuning

Unit Testing with unittest

pytest Framework

Mock Testing

Test Automation

Hashing & Encryption (hashlib, cryptography)

Secure Password Storage

Basics of Cybersecurity Scripts

Penetration Testing Tools with Python

Tkinter Basics

PyQt / Kivy Introduction

Event-driven Programming

Packaging Python Applications

Working with pip and PyPI

Dockerizing Python Apps

Deploying Flask/Django Apps

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